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Despite this, infectious diseases, such as canine distemper 14, carried by domestic pets have become a new threat to snow leopards, because: (1) the number of stray dogs and cats that have been lost or abandoned near wildlife refuges has increased, and (2) owners increasingly bring their pets into reserves when travelling. Over the past two decades, significant progress has been achieved in the conservation of snow leopards in China and poaching has been effectively curbed.

They are also found in Gansu, Sichuan and Yunnan Provinces and the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region 4. Chinese snow leopards are primarily distributed across Qinghai Province and the Tibet and Xinjiang Autonomous Regions. It is estimated that there are only approximately 4000вЂ“7000 individual snow leopards currently living in the wild (Snow Leopard Network, 2014). Its range includes Afghanistan, Bhutan, China, India, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, Russia, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan. The snow leopard ( Panthera uncia, family Felidae) is an endangered felid and a top predator on the Tibetan Plateau and in the surrounding mountain ranges 13. In one example, a South China tiger that died of an FHV-1 infection presented with the clinical signs of excessive salivation, sneezing and purulent nasal discharge 6. FHV-1 infections have been identified in European wildcats ( Felis silvestris silvestris), sand cats ( Felis margarita), leopard cats ( Felis bengalensis), cheetahs ( Acinonyx jubatus), mountain lions ( Puma concolor), little spotted cats ( Leopardus tigrinus), margays ( Leopardus wiedii), ocelots ( Leopardus pardalis), jaguarundis ( Herpailurus yaguarondi), jaguars ( Panthera onca), and south China tigers ( Panthera tigris amoyensis) by serological or molecular methods 8, 9, 10, 11, 12. Although domestic cats are the main hosts of FHV-1, several cases of FHV-1 infections in wildlife have been recently reported 5, 6, 7. FHV-1 is mainly transmitted through direct contact between infected and susceptible animals, and vertical transmission has not yet been reported 4. The initial clinical symptoms of FHV-1 infecion in feline hosts are conjunctivitis, keratitis, and upper respiratory disease, with pneumonia as an occasional complication 3. FHV-1 infection is often fatal to kittens however, adult cats can generally survive and maintain a lifelong latent infection 2. Infection with feline herpesvirus type 1 (order Herpesvirals, family herpesviridae, genus Varicellovirus, species Felid herpesvirus 1 FHV-1), which is known as the causative agent of feline viral rhinotracheitis, is widespread in domestic cats 1. This suggests that there should be increased focus on protecting wild felids against FHV-1 infections originating from domestic cats. It was found that FHV-1 infection can cause different lesions in snow leopards than in domestic cats and is associated with high risk of disease in wild felids. The gD and gE gene sequence alignment of the isolated FHV-1 isolate strain revealed that the virus likely originated from a domestic cat. The cause of death for the third animal was likely related to the concurrent reactivation of a latent FHV-1 infection. The second animal died mainly of renal failure accompanied by interstitial pneumonia caused by FHV-1. The first animal died primarily of cerebral infarction and secondary non-suppurative meningoencephalitis that was probably caused by FHV-1. The results revealed that all three snow leopards were infected with FHV-1. To explore the relationship between FHV-1 and their deaths, organs and nasal swabs were collected for histopathology, viral isolation and sequence analysis. Here we report the identification and isolation of FHV-1 from three dead captive snow leopards that presented with sneezing and rhinorrhea. The endangered snow leopard ( Panthera uncia) belongs to the family Felidae, and it is the top predator on the Tibetan Plateau. Feline herpesvirus type 1 (FHV-1) is a common causative agent of domestic catsвЂ™ rhinotracheitis in domestic cats, and it increasingly threatens wild felids worldwide.